Verslaving - Dr Hub Zwart

Geschiedenis van het Proefdier
Inleiding in de Filosofie en de Ethiek
Voorjaar 2005
Bijeenkomst 2 – 22 april 2005
Prof Dr. Hub Zwart
Afdeling Filosofie & Wetenschapstudies
Institute for Science, Innovation & Society
Raboud Universiteit Nijmegen
Wat is Filosofie?
• Filosofie: kritische (normatieve) discipline
• Wetenschap = object van onderzoek
• Wetenschapsfilosofie: kritisch onderzoek naar
de betrouwbaarheid van menselijke kennis in
het algemeen en wetenschappelijke kennis in
het bijzonder
• Wetenschapsethiek: Omgang met
proefpersonen, proefdieren, milieu, kennis,
informatie, schaarse hulpbronnen, integriteit,
maatschappelijke verantwoordelijkheid, etc.
Physis
Abiotische natuur
Kosmos
Concepten
Schepping
Toegepaste Theologie
Universum
Classificeren
Landschap Samenhangende systemen
(holistische benadering)
Wildernis
Evolutie
Reservoir
Biodiversiteit
Aristoteles (384 - 322 v Chr)
Aristoteles
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Natuur - Techniek
Levend – Levenloos
Warmbloedig – Koudbloedig
Gewerveld – Ongewerveld
Soort – Geslacht
Anatomisch onderzoek
Aristotle
“On Respiration” / “On the soul”
• “An animal with lungs, even a tortoise or a
frog, if one holds it under water too long, it
will be drowned. But it does not happen in
the case of fishes, try as we will”
• “Respiring animals are suffocated if the air
is small in quantity and remains the same”
• “Respiring animals are suffocated in water,
and fishes in air”
René Descartes (1596-1650)
William Harvey (1578 - 1657)
William Harvey
Albrecht von Haller (1707-1777)
Johannes Peter Müller (1801 -1858)
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Claude Bernard
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov
Pavlov
• “When I dissect and destroy a living animal, I hear within
myself a bitter reproach that with rough and blundering
hand I am crushing an incomparable artistic mechanism.
But I endure this in the interest of truth, for the benefit of
humanity”
• “We must painfully acknowledge that, precisely because
of its great intellectual development, the best of man’s
domesticated animals - the dog - most often becomes
the victim of physiological experiments. It is extremely
touching. The dog is almost a participant in the
experiments conducted upon it, greatly facilitating the
success of the research by its understanding and
compliance”
Pavlov
• “This method was adopted as a result of a
hint given by one of the dogs subjected to
the operation. We (dr. Kuvshinski and I)
gratefully acknowledge that by its
manifestation of common sense the dog
has helped us as well as itself”
Pavlov
• “I regard the promotion of our surgical technique
to be a matter of greatest importance, because
the usual method of simply vivisecting the
animal in an acute experiment is, as is now
becoming clearer day by day, a major source of
error, since the act of crude violation of the
organism is accompanied by a mass of inhibitory
influences on the functions of the different
organs. The organism as a whole, the realization
of the most delicate and most expedient linking
of an enormous number of separate parts,
cannot, in the nature of things, remain passive to
destructive agents”
Pavlov
• “The desire ... to spare our experimental animals as
much as possible made us stricktly observe all the
precautions taken by surgeons in respect to their
patients”
• “Our healthy and happy animals did their laboratory work
with real gusto; they always rushed from their cages to
the laboratory and readily jumped on the tables where
our experiments and observations were conducted.
Believe me I am not exaggerating a iota. Thanks to our
surgical method in physiology we can demonstrate
[phenomena of digestion] without a single scream from
the animal undergoing the experiment”
Eugene Steinach
“In almost all biological experiment, particularly in
hormone research, the rat has made a place of honour
for itself. Because of its cooperation, though
involuntary, he has contributed to countless and
important successes. I feel that I am not only fulfilling
a debt of gratitude towards the rat but contributing
something towards its rehabilitation and recognition by
taking this opportunity to protest against the prejudice
of the public towards these, my favourite test animals,
and I would like to convert my readers from the
abhorrence in which these really inoffensive little
animals and their habits are so often held”
Pavlov
• “Pavlov cultivated the image of laboratory dogs
that, after recovering from the surgical
operations, led normal, ‘happy’ lives. The reality
was somewhat different. Many dogs died and
survivors usually developed fatal conditions...”
• “Whether or not they were happy and normal,
they lived much longer than those consumed in
acute experiments and this facilitated a
relationship with experimental dogs that
sometimes resembled that between pet and
master” (Daniel Todes, 2002, p. 98).
Wistar-rat (Rattus Norvegicus)
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
Kant
“Handel zo dat je de ander niet alleen
als middel gebruikt, maar altijd ook als
moreel subject, als autonoom persoon
respecteert”
Kant
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Antropocentrisme
“Fiat experimentum in corpore vili”
Instrumentele waarde - Intrinsieke waarde
Autonomie-beginsel
(toestemmingbeginsel, informed consent)
• Dieren hebben geen rechten, mensen wel
plichten
Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
Bentham
• Utilisme
• Zoveel mogelijk geluk voor zoveel mogelijk
mensen
• Schadebeginsel
• “Can they suffer?”
Revival Wetenschapsethiek
Informed Consent
Russell & Burch 1959
• Vervang (Replace)
• Verminder (Reduce)
• Verfijn (Refine)
Dierexperimentencommissie
DEC
• Wet op de Dierproeven
• “Ongerief proefdier” versus
“Maatschappelijk of wetenschappelijk
belang”
• 3 V’s
Eduardo Kac - Alba
Glowfish
Integriteit
Intrinsieke waarde
Verslaving
Een onderzoeksgroep wil het verband onderzoeken tussen
traumatische jeugdervaringen (zoals emotionele verwaarlozing
op jonge leeftijd) en de incidentie van verslaving aan alcohol of
drugs. Daartoe willen ze gebruik maken van proefdieren. Het
gaat om 40 ratten (20 ratten in de controle-conditie, 20 ratten
in de experimentele conditie). De ratten in de controle-conditie
groeien op bij hun moeder. Hun soortgenoten in de
experimentele conditie worden op jonge leeftijd van hun
moeder gescheiden. Wanneer de dieren volwassen zijn, worden
ze in een speciale kooi geplaatst waar ze zich zelf met behulp
van een pedaaltje alcohol of cocaïne kunnen toedienen. De
hypothese is dat ratten in de experimentele conditie sneller
verslaafd zullen raken dan ratten in de experimentele conditie.
Na 3 weken worden de dieren gedood met het oog op
anatomisch onderzoek van relevante hersengebieden. Ze
leggen hun protocol voor aan de DEC en benadrukken het
maatschappelijke belang van hun project. Verslaving is immers
een ernstig (en kostbaar) maatschappelijk probleem. Ze
vewachten dat hun onderzoek de mogelijkheden voor preventie
zullen bevorderen.