1tthavo The Greek polis The age of Greeks and Romans 3.000 BC – 500 AD “The man who is isolated, who is unable to share in the benefits of political association, or has no need to share because he is already selfsufficient, is no part of the polis, and must therefore be either a beast or a god. - Aristoteles (350 BC) Nooteboom Rijkers Beatrix College - Tilburg Introduction With help of this booklet you will create your own city-state (polis) in groups. From the information you will get in the lessons, through the book and the assignments, you will see that in the Ancient Greek world there were many different city-states. They were all arranged in their own way. First, you will determine a place in Greece where it is best to establish a city-state and you will come up with a name for the new city-state. Next you will consider which form of government is best for your policy. You will have a discussion with each other about the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of government. Then a god and a creation myth must be chosen for the polis that best suits the location and form of government. Make a wise choice here .....it may have consequences later…. 2 Content Introduction .............................................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Learning objectives ................................................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена. What needs to be handed in? ............................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Lesson 1 ......................................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. What is a polis? ....................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Where is it situated? ......................................................................................................................... 7 Assignment 1 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 2 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 3 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 4 ................................................................................................................................. 10 Lesson 2 ......................................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Different kind of state forms .................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Choose your state form ................................................................................................................. 12 Assignment 1 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 2 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 3 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Lesson 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 17 Greek gods .............................................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Choose your tutelary god .............................................................................................................. 18 Assignment 1 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 2 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Lesson 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Myths ................................................................................................................................................ 20 Assignement 1 ....................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 2 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 3 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 4 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Lesson 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 24 Science and art ............................................................................................................................... 24 Assignment 1 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. Assignment 2 ......................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена. 3 Learning objectives At the end of the next lessons, the students have achieved the following learning objectives. The student can: Describe the ancient Greek world (using keywords such as city-state, colonies and natural barriers) Explain with help of an example that there was cultural unity in the Greek world. Explain the meaning of the keyword: polis / city-state. Explain the difference between the forms of government: aristocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny and recognize them in a source. Name the difference between a direct and indirect democracy. Argue about the advantages and disadvantages of these different forms of government. Hold a guided and a free discussion about these forms of government. Name and recognize twelve Greek gods by their attributes. Argue why certain gods are better suited to be tutelary deity to a polis than others. Describe the cultural function of myths. Indicate how ancient Greek myths can still be relevant today. Tell in his/her own word show observation and research caused Greeks to become scientists for the first time. Name different Greek scientists / philosophers and explain what their contribution was to the academic world. Recognize scientific thinking from a source. 4 What do you have to hand in? In this booklet you have made and worked out various assignments on a large sheet. It should include the following: The name of your city-state (polis). Drawing of the outline of the island / land where the polis is located. o With an indication of mountains and water. o A legend should be added Chosen form of government. o Explanation of the chosen form of government (at least half a A4 page). Chosen God. o 3 arguments for the chosen God. Creation myth (at least half a A4 page) Chosen scientist / philosopher. o Explanation of the chosen scientist / philosopher. Chosen art form. o Story behind the art form. o Explanation why the art form is so special. Example: Front Name of your city-state Name of the chosen God Picture of the chosen God 3 arguments for the chosen God Name of the chosen scientist / philosopher Outline of the island / land where the polis is located Explanation of the chosen scientist / philosopher. Chosen art form Picture of the art form Story behind the art form Legend of the map Explanation why the art form is so special Back Chosen form of government Name of your creation myth Explanation of the chosen form of government (at least half a A4 page). Self-made up story of your creation myth (at least half a A4 page) 5 Lesson 1 You will need: an A3 sheet, a pen and a marker. What is a polis? Greece was a collection of islands in classical times (750 BC- 500 AD). It covered a total of 131,957 km². In ancient Greece, many areas were separated from each other by mountains or by sea. These natural barriers caused the emerge of 700 city-states between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C. Such a city-state was called a polis (plural: poleis). A polis consisted of a city with a surrounding piece of land. Here the crops were often grown that were eaten by the inhabitants or used for trade. Most of the poleis were about 50 to 100 km² in size. Athens and Sparta were an exception to these sizes. These two city-states were thousands of square kilometers in size. As a result, they were also the two most powerful poleis. Poleis weren't always governed in the same way, but they were very similar. Almost all Greeks spoke the same language, believed in the same gods, and told the same heroic stories. That is why we speak of one "Greek world". 6 Which location? Make assignments 1 and 2 individually! Assignment 1 a. What stands out about the landscape of Greece? There are a lot of rivers, mountains and islands. b. Explain why natural barriers were the cause of the emergence of so many different poleis. The natural barriers were protection for the different city states. c. Explain why the Greeks, in spite of their differences, were seen as ‘one Greek world’. Almost all Greeks spoke the same language, had the same Gods and spoke about the same heroic stories. 7 Assignment 2 a. Imagine that you are a Greek chief (stamhoofd) and you are choosing a good place to build a city-state. Mark three places on the map on the next page where you would like to build the polis. b. For each place, explain why you think it is a good place to build a city-state. Place 1: Place 2: Place 3: 8 9 Now it’s time to work groups of three! Make assignments 3 and 4 in your group! Assingment 3 a. Compare the places you have chosen (twelve in total). Make a top three of your favourite places. Which arguments are the best? Our top three: because: b. Think of a name for your polis. Don't forget to make it sound very Greek. You may also use existing names such as: Mycenae, Knossos, Thebes, Delphi, Athens, Sparta, Epidaurus, Corfu, Epirus, Olympia or Corinth. Name of your polis: Use Google Maps for this assignment. Assignment 4 a. You will receive a large drawing sheet from the teacher. Here you and your group will draw the outline of the island, the coastal region or the inland where you have chosen to build your polis. You do this first with pencil and when you have finished you trace(overtrekken) it with a marker. b. Indicate areas where there are high mountains and where there is water, rivers or sea (Don’t forget to mark these in the legend!), because it’s impossible to build a polis there. Make sure you still have room for the polis! 10 Lesson 2 You will need: scissors Different forms of government: Monarchy A monarchy has traditionally been a form of government where one person, the monarch has the power. The word monarchy comes from monos (one or only) and from archeo (to rule). The monarch can be a king or an emperor, but also a pharaoh or a sultan. Power is often hereditary (erfelijk), meaning it is passed down from parent to child. Today, daughters can also be heirs (erfgenaam), but that was not the case in the Greek city-states. Monarchies still exist. For example, the Netherlands is a monarchy with King WillemAlexander as monarch. However, the Dutch king must abide (zich houden aan) by the constitution (grondwet) and the real power rests within the parliament (parlement: Eerste en Tweede kamer). Aristocracy In the age of the Greeks and Romans many (city) states started out as a monarchies but often, later turned into aristocracies. In an aristocracy, power is in the hands of a group of wealthy, prominent families. These are mostly noble families. The word aristocracy literally means "ruled by the best." Power would not be based on money of origin, but on knowledge, insight and capabilities. Oligarchy An oligarchy is like an aristocracy, but here the power is in the hands of a very small group. The word oligarchy literally means "ruled by few." So there are a number of privileged people in power. This small group of people can be noble, but also very rich. With this form of government it is not important whether it is ruled by the best. Tyranny In a tyranny, just like in a monarchy, there is an absolute ruler. In the case of tyranny, however, the ruler has seized power by force. In the age of the Greeks and Romans this was not yet seen as something negative. Today, however, we see a tyrant as one who rules cruelly while oppressing the population. Still, a number of good tyrants are also known from the past. Democracy Nowadays we have a democracy in the Netherlands, but democracies also existed in the Greek city-states. In a democracy, the people have the power. The word democracy comes from demos (people) and kratos (rule). The first democratic city-state of Athens was a direct democracy. This means that when making decisions, the people make direct decisions, often through an assembly. In ancient Athens, not everyone was allowed to vote, only free adult men. Children, women and slaves were therefore not allowed to participate in the public assembly. 11 Today, in the Netherlands, we have an indirect democracy. The public choose people who rule for them, these are called representatives of the people. In addition, nowadays every adult is allowed to vote. Which form of government? Different ways of governing poleis have been explained in class. If you don't remember them all, you can always read them on the previous page. The different forms of government all have advantages and disadvantages. To get a well-founded opinion about the different forms of governance, you will play a game on the following pages. In addition, there will be a lot of discussion, something the Ancient Greeks also often did. These discussions will not be free because you must obey the rules of the game. Only after the game you choose a form of government for your polis, then discuss your choice within your group. Assignment 1 a. Cut out the cards on pages 14 and 15. You only need 1 set of cards per group, so not everyone has to cut out the cards. b. Read the game description (page 13) and play the game. Assignment 2 Read the description and write down which form of government it belongs to. a. Plato wrote: The state must be run by the most able of people. What form of government did Plato advocate? b. In Athens, all free Athenian men were allowed to (directly) vote and speak in the assembly. What do we call such a government? c. In some city-states, a wealthy and/or powerful army leader seized power. He would run the city on his own and everyone had to do what he decided. What do we call such a government? 12 d. In many cities in Greece, power was in the hands of a group of wealthy men. What do we call the government of a small group of rich men who think they are the best? e. Most of the early Greek city-states were led by a king who had all the power. He passed this role on to his son when he died. What do we call such a government? Assignment 3 a. You have discussed many advantages and disadvantages of various forms of governance. You will also have seen that a democracy has just as many advantages and disadvantages than the rest of the forms of government. Discuss with your group which form of government your polis should have. b. Write an argument together for why your government is the best. Listing the benefits in an ongoing story and debunking the negative arguments. This must contain at least half an A4 of text. 13 Game preparation Each player is dealt five cards which they take face down (others may not see them). The rest of the cards are placed face down on the table. The players look at their hand and pick the form of government which they have the most positive arguments in their hands (most pluses). They lay this form of government in front of them for any other player to see. If a player has two forms of government with an equal number of positive arguments, the player may choose. Game play The players should try to maintain this form of government for as long as possible and the other players should try to convince the others that their form of government is not good. This is done in the following way: When it is the first player's turn, he takes a card from the deck and puts it next to the cards in his hand. He then chooses one of his cards that is not positive for his form of government, reads it out loud and gives it to another player. This player is obliged (verplicht) to accept this card. As soon as a player gets more pluses from a form of government other than his currently chosen form, he must change his form of government. For every time a player has to replace a his form of government, he gets a minus point. End of the game The game is over when the deck is empty. The player with the least changes in state form is the winner! 14 You share power with a group of ‘equals’ and decide together + Aristocracy - Democracy - Monarchy + Oligarchy - Tyranny The government in this case may consist of old wise men with a lot of experience. - Aristocracy - Democracy - Monarchy + Oligarchy - Tyranny You don't have to share power so can be very effective. - Aristocracy - Democracy + Monarchy - Oligarchy + Tyranny In principle there is equality, no one is more than the other. You have been raised and prepared from birth to lead. - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny + Aristocracy - Democracy + Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny People feel more involved in politics through participation. A large part of the population takes part in decisionmaking. - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny You have been raised and prepared from birth to lead. You have a lot of money with which you can do a lot of good for your polis. + Aristocracy - Democracy + Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny + Aristocracy - Democracy + Monarchy + Oligarchy + Tyranny 15 You have a lot of money with which you can do a lot of good for your polis. + Aristocracy - Democracy + Monarchy + Oligarchy + Tyranny The succession is hereditary and the successor does not have to be smart. - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy + Oligarchy + Tyranny You don't have to share power so can be very effective. - Aristocracy - Democracy + Monarchy - Oligarchy + Tyranny You share power with a group of ‘equals’ and decide together + Aristocracy - Democracy - Monarchy + Oligarchy - Tyranny The government in this case may consist of old wise men with a lot of experience. - Aristocracy - Democracy - Monarchy + Oligarchy - Tyranny In principle there is equality, no one is more than the other. There are no rules you have to obey. You can do whatever you want. - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny - Aristocracy - Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny A large part of the population takes part in decisionmaking. People feel more involved in politics through participation. - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny There is complete freedom to pursue your own happiness. - Aristocracy - Democracy - Monarchy - Oligarchy - Tyranny The succession is hereditary and the successor does not have to be smart. - Aristocracy + Democracy - Monarchy + Oligarchy + Tyranny Aristocracy Democracy Aristocracy Democracy Monarchy Oligarchy Monarchy Oligarchy Tyranny Ti\yranny 16 Lesson 3 Greek gods Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece, was the home of the Olympian gods. That was also where the throne of Zeus stood. The gods regularly went down to help people, to punish them and even to make children. If a child was born that came from a human and a god, they are called a demigod. The demigods had special abilities. They performed heroic deeds and they were admired by everyone. The twelve Olympic gods were almost all supreme, when the power of one god ceased, the power of another god began. Only Zeus was truly supreme. In a lot of things the gods were like humans. They had the same emotions and the same weaknesses. 1. Zeus The supreme god and god of lightning 2. Hera Goddess of marriage, mothers and families 3. Poseidon God of the sea 4. Demeter Goddess of agriculture 5. Hermes God of the roads, travelers, merchants and thieves. 6. Athena Goddess of wisdom, war and useful arts 7. Ares God of war 8. Aphrodite Goddess of love and beauty 9. Apollo God of archery, music, poetry, prophecy, medicine and the sun. 10. Artemis Goddess of the moon, the hunt and young maidens 11. Hephaestus God of blacksmiths and fire. 12. Hestia Goddess of the hearth 17 Which Tutelary God (beschermgod) ? Use Google for the following assignments! Assignment 1 On the next page are the Greek gods depicted. You can often recognize gods by the attributes (objects) they have with them. a. Use the internet to find the names of the gods. Number the gods and write their name on the next page. b. Write down for each god with which attributes he is depicted. c. Write down for each god what he had power over. Assignment 2 a. Take a good look with your group at the location and the form of government you have chosen in the previous assignments. Discuss with each other which god would suit your polis best. It is also important to know what the residents want, are they warlike or peaceful? Do they want to work hard and so get more prosperity or do they choose more relaxation? b. Choose a god for your polis. Give three reasons why this god is the best fit. Please note, each god may only be chosen once in class, so please inform your teacher about your decision! 18 Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: 19 Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Name: Atrributes and power over: Lesson 4 Myths Greek mythology is the collection of Greek myths and sagas. These are stories about gods, demigods and the relationships between gods and humans. The Greeks believed in more than one creator. They were polytheistic, (poly = many and theos = god) and worshiped many gods. The stories of the gods were passed on to each other. That is why there are sometimes different versions of a myth. The Greek gods had extraordinary powers and could also look like humans. They also behaved like people. They all wanted power and were often jealous, angry, but also cheerful and heroic. When important decisions had to be made, people often asked for advice. People went to the temple in Delphi to ask for an oracle (an puzzling prophecy from the gods). Narcissus- Greek myth about a beautiful boy who falls in love with himself: Once upon a time there lived a beautiful boy, his name was Narcissus. His father was a river god, Cephishus, and his mother was a water nymph, Leriope. Narcissus was beautiful. He had thick golden curls up to his shoulders, and when he shook his head, the curls danced. He was brown, tanned, and well-muscled. He was always outside, always running, always barefoot. He had starry eyes and beautiful eyebrows, rosy cheeks and a delicate nose. And his lips were like cherries. But Narcissus was very much afraid of people, he was shy of people; he didn't trust anyone. He preferred to be alone, alone in the woods, in nature. Climbing the rocks, running through the ferns. With the trees, the butterflies, the birds and the animals in the forest and the insects. That was his company. People who were not to be trusted. He didn't want people. And so the nymphs thought he was arrogant, because he never really wanted to talk to them, and always fled. It wasn't him, he wasn't really arrogant. One of the nymphs was madly in love with Narcissus. She longed for him and she longed for him and she waited for him, she tried to get to him, but she never could. She couldn't even look at him properly. She waited and she waited ... But it didn't work. She got thinner and thinner; she couldn't eat anymore, she couldn't sleep anymore. She turned transparent. And in the end she disappeared completely: only her voice remained. "Echo...echo..." The nymphs thought that was terrible. Such arrogance, such a boy! One of their sisters had completely withered away. "Completely gone? That cannot be! That must be punished! Such a thing is not possible!" The nymphs went to Aphrodite, the most beautiful of all goddesses: the goddess of love. And they asked for a punishment for Narcissus. Aphrodite was kind to the nymphs, she made him fall in love with his own reflection as punishment. 20 One day, when he ran into the forest again, climbed the rocks, waded through the ferns, and lay on the moss, he got thirsty and went to the well to drink water. He knelt in the grass and wanted to scoop water. And then ... What does he see there? What a beautiful boy! Ah! Those curls, those golden curls, those eyes like ... like ... shining stars, those beautiful eyebrows, those pink cheeks, those delicate nose, those lips; they are just like young cherries! Oh, and that fine chin, that shapely chin! It's golden and golden brown and so beautiful and graceful and so muscular! Narcissus looked and watched and he couldn't get enough. His heart started pounding to his throat. He got hot, he got hot, and he got shivers. Then it was cold, then hot again. Narcissus was in love. And so he continued to stare and look and feel. He has never felt anything like it in his life. And so stayed there all day. Then - it was almost getting dark - he thought: I will give that beautiful boy a kiss. He leaned over and wanted to press his lips on the water ... And lost his balance! And splash! He fell into the water and drowned! The nymphs heard what was happening and were shocked. "But that, we didn't mean that! That's going too far for us! We didn't have to! We wanted a punishment, but he's dead now. Such a boy; he was so young and so beautiful and ... We didn't want that. That goes way too far for us! What can we do? " There was nothing more that could be done. The nymphs felt obliged to hold a funeral. They went to the well and searched for the dead body of Narcissus. They looked everywhere, but they couldn't find it. The only thing they found in the grass at the well was a beautiful yellow flower with a long graceful stem: a yellow flower with a heart - the daffodil. 21 Assignment 1 The Greek myths were often told by parents to their children to teach the children a lesson. You can take a lesson from the myth above. a. What lesson should Narcissus learn? What was he doing wrongly? b. Which punishments did he receive? c. What lesson did the nymphs have to learn? d. What was their punishment? e. Why do you think parents were telling these kinds of myths to their children, what is the moral of the story? 22 Assignment 2 Greek myths are often about feelings. This myth is also full of it, you read the text again and you indicate (by marking) which parts are about which feelings. Look for the following feelings: - Revenge - Love - Fear - Regret Assignment 3 Greek myths remain relevant to this day. Many people are afraid that young people will experience the same as Narcissus. Thanks to social media such as Instagram and Snapchat, young people often take photos and videos of themselves, which are also subject to a filter to enhance the result. a. Do you see a similarity between modern apps and the ancient myth of Narcissus? b. What is your opinion? Assignment 4 The people of a Greek city-state also often told each other a myth about the creation of their beautiful polis. Often patrons gods featured here who magically founded the city. Write a creation myth for your polis with your group. This must be at least half an A4 in length. 23 Lesson 5 Science and art Scientists and philosophers. Plato was a Greek philosopher and writer. As Socrates' pupil and Aristotle's teacher, Plato is one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy and the founder of Athenian democracy. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist who, along with Socrates and Plato, is considered one of the most influential classical philosophers in the Western tradition. Socrates or Sokrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. He is considered one of the founders of Western philosophy, although he left no writings himself. Archimedes was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer. Archimedes is regarded as the greatest mathematician of Antiquity and one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. Herodotus, or Herodotos, was a Greek historian regarded in the west as the father of historiography. He is best known for his work "The Histories". Hippocrates was a Greek physician. His name means horse tamer. He is considered the founder of Western medicine because he was the first to see natural causes rather than supernatural causes for illness. Pythagoras was one of the pre-Socratic philosophers. Around 540 BC. he emigrated to Croton in southern Italy, where he mainly focused on number theory. His mathematical “Pythagorean theorem” is still used and you will learn this from mathematics teacher! . 24 Love for the arts By looking closely and by their knowledge of the human body through medicine, the Greeks were able to create images that "really looked like humans." The shapes and details made some images seem lifelike. And just as the Greeks preferred to see their gods and themselves: perfect and muscular. The Greeks thought the human body was beautiful. They were proud of it and wanted to show it to everyone. That is why they often depicted humans and gods naked. In architecture the Greeks looked for beautiful and perfect shapes for a building. You recognize this in their temples: you see rectangles, triangles and many columns. The Greek buildings made a big impression on the Greeks themselves and on visitors. The myths and things experienced by the Greeks were often made into plays. The Greeks believed that you should learn something from a play, such as what mistakes people could make. There were two kinds of plays. Tragedy usually ended badly and comedy had a happy ending. 25 Use Google for the next assignment. Assignment 1 The Greek world has produced a great number of scholars. For the first time in history, people began to conduct research by observation and testing. Before, everything that people did not understand was attributed to the gods. a. Do research on different scientists / philosophers. What inventions have they made or what new ideas have they brought? b. Choose one of the Greek scientists / philosophers to live in your polis. Note that each scientist / philosopher can only be chosen once. Indicate your choice to the teacher. c. Explain why you chose this scientist / philosopher. Assignment 2 The Greeks were so good at making art that other peoples copied them for centuries. Different forms of art were sculptures, vases, architecture and theater. a. Choose one of the art forms that most appeal to you as a group. b. Look for a work of art, building or drama that dates back to the Greek era. Print an image and add it to your polis. c. Tell the story behind this artwork. What is it about? d. Explain why this work of art is so special. 26
