Stability - University of Amsterdam

Measuring the stability
of
typological parameters
Dik Bakker
Amsterdam
Typology
TYPOLOGY
Typological Stability
2
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Typological Stability
3
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Typological Stability
4
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Typological Stability
5
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
Morphological type:
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Isol, Aggl, Fuse, Polisynt
Typological Stability
6
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
Morphological type:
Align Morph+Synt:
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Isol, Aggl, Fuse, Polisynt
ACC+ACC, ERG+ACC, …
Typological Stability
7
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
Morphological type:
Align Morph+Synt:
…
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Isol, Aggl, Fuse, Polisynt
ACC+ACC, ERG+ACC, …
Typological Stability
8
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
Morphological type:
Align Morph+Synt:
…
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Isol, Aggl, Fuse, Polisynt
ACC+ACC, ERG+ACC, …
Stability ???
Typological Stability
9
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
Morphological type:
Align Morph+Synt:
…
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Isol, Aggl, Fuse, Polisynt
ACC+ACC, ERG+ACC, …
Stability
Diachronically
Typological Stability
10
Typology
TYPOLOGY 
Linguistic Variables
Constituent order:
Adposition type:
Morphological type:
Align Morph+Synt:
…
SOV, SVO, VSO, …
Prep, Post, None
Isol, Aggl, Fuse, Polisynt
ACC+ACC, ERG+ACC, …
Stability
Diachronically
Language Contact
Typological Stability
11
Overview
Typological Stability
12
Overview
1. Measuring Stability: the data
Typological Stability
13
Overview
1. Measuring Stability: the data
2. Measuring Stability: method 1
Typological Stability
14
Overview
1. Measuring Stability: the data
2. Measuring Stability: method 1
3. Measuring Stability: method 2
Typological Stability
15
Overview
1. Measuring Stability: the data
2. Measuring Stability: method 1
3. Measuring Stability: method 2
4. Comparing 1 & 2
Typological Stability
16
Overview
1. Measuring Stability: the data
2. Measuring Stability: method 1
3. Measuring Stability: method 2
4. Comparing 1 & 2
5. Some of the problems
Typological Stability
17
Data
Typological Stability
18
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Typological Stability
19
Data
IDEALLY 
Proto-Germanic
Historical linguistics:
SOV
Typological Stability
20
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
SOV
German
Dutch
SOV
SOV
Typological Stability
21
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
SOV
German
Dutch
English
Danish
…
Faroese
SOV
SOV
SVO
SVO
SVO
Typological Stability
22
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
SOV
German
Dutch
English
Danish
…
Faroese
SOV
SOV
SVO
SVO
3000 years:
0.2
SVO
Typological Stability
23
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
SOV
Typological Stability
0.2
24
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
Romance
SOV
SVO
Typological Stability
0.2
0.9
25
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
Romance
…
Berber
SOV
SVO
0.2
0.9
VSO
0.6
Typological Stability
26
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
Romance
…
Berber
…
Otomian
SOV
SVO
0.2
0.9
VSO
0.6
VOS
0.4
Typological Stability
27
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
Romance
…
Berber
…
Otomian
SOV
SVO
0.2
0.9
VSO
0.6
VOS
0.4
MEAN Constituent Order:
Typological Stability
0.52 (var high)
28
Data
IDEALLY 
Proto-Germanic
…
Historical linguistics:
SOV
SOV
Typological Stability
0.2
…
MEAN:
0.31
29
Data
IDEALLY 
Historical linguistics:
Proto-Germanic
…
SOV
SOV
0.2
…
Romance
…
SVO
SVO
0.9
…
Typological Stability
MEAN:
0.31
0.83
30
Data
Historical Data
?
Typological Stability
31
Data
Historical Data (reconstruction)
…
Typological Stability
32
Data
Method:
hypothetical reconstruction on the basis
of a large typological database
Typological Stability
33
Data: WALS
World Atlas of Language Structures
Haspelmath, Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil &
Bernard Comrie (eds) (2005)
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Typological Stability
34
Data: WALS
World Atlas of Language Structures
Variables:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
Typological Stability
35
72. Imperative-Hortative systems
Typological Stability
36
Data: WALS
WALS – database:
Variables:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
Typological Stability
37
Data: WALS
WALS – database:
Variables:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
Authors:
Bickel
Comrie
Corbet
Dryer
Haspelmath
Nichols
Siewierska
…
Typological Stability
38
Data: WALS
WALS – database:
Variables:
Values:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
2 to 9 (mean 4.7)
Typological Stability
39
Data: WALS
WALS – database:
Variables:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
Values:
2 to 9 (mean 4.7)
Languages: 2558
Typological Stability
40
Data: WALS
WALS – database:
Variables:
Values:
Languages:
Per Var:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
2 to 9 (mean 4.7)
2558
417 lgs (min 116; max 1343)
Typological Stability
41
Data: WALS
WALS – database:
Variables:
Values:
Languages:
Per Var:
Total:
139 (Phon; Morph; Synt; Lex; etc)
2 to 9 (mean 4.7)
2558
417 lgs (min 116; max 1343)
~ 58,000 datapoints (= 16%)
Typological Stability
42
Data: WALS
WALS
database
Typological Stability
43
Data: WALS
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
Typological Stability
44
Data: WALS
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
Typological Stability
45
Data: WALS
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
Typological Stability
46
Data: WALS & Ethnologue
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
47
Data: WALS & Ethnologue
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
48
Data: WALS & Ethnologue
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
C
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
49
Data: WALS & Ethnologue
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
V4
L1
L2
L3
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
F
O
R
M
U
L
A
50
Stability #1
Typological Stability
51
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V2
V3
V4
Typological Stability
52
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V2
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
53
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V2
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
54
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V2
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
55
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V2
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
56
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
57
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
58
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V3
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
59
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
60
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
61
Stability #1
WALS
database
LG
V1
V2
V3
L1
X
L2
Y
L3
Z
V4
Ethnologue
classification
Typological Stability
62
Stability #1
Group i
Typological Stability
63
Stability #1
Group i
Assumption: most frequent value = original
Typological Stability
64
Stability #1
Group i
Typological Stability
65
Stability #1
Group i
Typological Stability
66
Stability #1
Group i
Typological Stability
67
Stability #1
Group i
Typological Stability
68
Stability #1
Group i
Typological Stability
69
Stability #1
?
Typological Stability
Group i
70
Stability #1
Group i
Formula: Stability = ???
Typological Stability
71
Stability #1
Group i
Stability = 1.0
Typological Stability
72
Stability #1
Group i
Stability > 1.0
Typological Stability
73
Stability #1
Group i
Stability (weighted) = (5*1)+(2*2)+(1*3) / 8 = 1.5
Typological Stability
74
Stability #1
Group i
Stability (weighted) = 4.5
Typological Stability
75
Stability #1
Typological Stability
76
Stability #1
Stability = mean / lowest groups
Typological Stability
77
Stability #1
Stability = mean/highest groups (phylum)
Typological Stability
78
Stability #1
Stability = mean / genus (Dryer) 3000-4000
Typological Stability
79
Stability #1
Typological Stability
80
Stability #1
Stability factor Fct1C per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
MADABS
CORSEX
MADFRV
NICMTP
Absence Common Consonants
Sex-based Gender
Front Rounded Vowels
M-T Pronouns
Typological Stability
Fct1C
1.046
1.049
1.053
1.055
81
Stability #1
Stability factor Fct1C per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
…
136.
137.
138.
139.
MADABS
CORSEX
MADFRV
NICMTP
Absence Common Consonants
Sex-based Gender
Front Rounded Vowels
M-T Pronouns
Fct1C
1.046
1.049
1.053
1.055
GOEFAC
DRYIND
DRYDEF
KAYBCC
Weight-Sensitive Stress
Indefinite Articles
Definite Articles
Basic Colour Categories
1.432
1.437
1.454
1.480
Typological Stability
82
Stability #1
CAT
nvals
Typological Stability
Fct1C
83
Stability #1
CAT
1. Word Order
nvals
Fct1C
4.6
1.17
Typological Stability
84
Stability #1
CAT
1. Word Order
…
4. Lexicon
nvals
Fct1C
4.6
1.17
4.0
1.20
Typological Stability
85
Stability #1
1.
…
4.
…
8.
9.
CAT
nvals
Fct1C
Word Order
4.6
1.17
Lexicon
4.0
1.20
Phonology
Morphology
4.9
4.1
1.22
1.23
Typological Stability
86
Stability #1
1.
…
4.
…
8.
9.
CAT
nvals
Fct1C
Word Order
4.6
1.17
Lexicon
4.0
1.20
Phonology
Morphology
4.9
4.1
1.22
1.23
Typological Stability
87
Stability #1
Correlations:
Genera vs. Phylum:
0.869 (p < 0.01)
Typological Stability
88
Stability #2
Typological Stability
89
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
Typological Stability
90
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
Typological Stability
91
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
G1(8)
A
B
C
8
0
0
Typological Stability
92
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
G1(8)
8
0
0
G2(7)
1
0
6
Typological Stability
93
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
G1(8)
8
0
0
G2(7)
1
0
6
G3(5)
…
1
3
1
Typological Stability
94
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
G1(8)
8
0
0
G2(7)
1
0
6
G3(5)
…
1
3
1
Assumption: Highest = Original
Typological Stability
95
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
O
X
G1(8)
8
0
0
8
0
G2(7)
1
0
6
6
1
G3(5)
…
1
3
1
3
2
Assumption: Highest = Original
Typological Stability
96
Stability #2
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
O
X
prob
G1(8)
8
0
0
8
0
0.0005
G2(7)
1
0
6
6
1
0.0192
G3(5)
…
1
3
1
3
2
0.2469
Assumption: Highest = Original
Typological Stability
97
Stability #2
Measure
Of
Stability
VARIABLE i (nvals = 3):
A
B
C
O
X
prob
G1(8)
8
0
0
8
0
0.0005
G2(7)
1
0
6
6
1
0.0192
G3(5)
…
1
3
1
3
2
0.4914
Assumption: Highest = Original
Typological Stability
98
Stability #2
Stability factor Fct2B per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
Typological Stability
99
Stability #2
Stability factor Fct2B per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
MADABS
DRYADP
DRYREL
MADFRV
Absence Common Consonants
Order Aspos-N
Order RelCl-N
Front Rounded Vowels
Typological Stability
Fct2B
0.142
0.144
0.185
0.187
100
Stability #2
Stability factor Fct2B per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
...
136.
137.
138.
139.
MADABS
DRYADP
DRYREL
MADFRV
Absence Common Consonants
Order Aspos-N
Order RelCl-N
Front Rounded Vowels
Fct2B
0.142
0.144
0.185
0.187
BICHDC
KAYBCC
BICHDN
BICSYN
Head-Dept Clause
Basic Colour Categories
Head-Dept NP
Inflectional Synthesis
0.494
0.500
0.505
0.528
Typological Stability
101
Stability #2
Stability factor Fct2B per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
...
136.
137.
138.
139.
MADABS
DRYADP
DRYREL
MADFRV
Absence Common Consonants
Order Aspos-N
Order RelCl-N
Front Rounded Vowels
Fct2B
0.142
0.144
0.185
0.187
BICHDC
KAYBCC
BICHDN
BICSYN
Head-Dept Clause
Basic Colour Categories
Head-Dept NP
Inflectional Synthesis
0.494
0.500
0.505
0.528
Typological Stability
102
Stability #2
Stability factor Fct2B per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1. MADABS
2. DRYADP
3. DRYREL
4. MADFRV
...
136. BICHDC
137. KAYBCC
138. BICHDN
139. BICSYN
Absence Common Consonants
Order Aspos-N
Order RelCl-N
Front Rounded Vowels
Fct2B Fct1C
0.142
1
0.144
12
0.185
43
0.187
3
Head-Dept Clause
Basic Colour Categories
Head-Dept NP
Inflectional Synthesis
0.494
0.500
0.505
0.528
Typological Stability
133
139
123
109
103
Stability #2
Stability factor Fct2B per variable
Level: Genus
Number of languages: 2220
Minimum group size: 2
1. MADABS
2. DRYADP
3. DRYREL
4. MADFRV
...
136. BICHDC
137. KAYBCC
138. BICHDN
139. BICSYN
Pearson 0.568; p < 0.01
Anova p = 0.000
Absence Common Consonants
Order Aspos-N
Order RelCl-N
Front Rounded Vowels
Fct2B Fct1C
0.142
1
0.144
12
0.185
43
0.187
3
Head-Dept Clause
Basic Colour Categories
Head-Dept NP
Inflectional Synthesis
0.494
0.500
0.505
0.528
Typological Stability
133
139
123
109
104
Stability #2
1.
2.
…
4.
…
9.
CAT
nvals
Fct1C
Word Order
Phonology
4.6
4.9
0.241
0.334
Lexicon
4.0
0.347
Morphology
4.1
0.383
Typological Stability
105
Stability #2
1.
2.
…
4.
…
9.
CAT
nvals
Fct2B
Fct1C
Word Order
Phonology
4.6
4.9
0.241
0.334
1.
8.
Lexicon
4.0
0.347
4.
Morphology
4.1
0.383
9.
Typological Stability
106
Stability #2
1.
2.
…
4.
…
9.
CAT
nvals
Fct2B
Fct1C
Word Order
Phonology
4.6
4.9
0.241
0.334
1.
8.
Lexicon
4.0
0.347
4.
Morphology
4.1
0.383
9.
Typological Stability
107
Problems
Typological Stability
108
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
BWO in Germanic: SOV (2) vs. SVO (8)
 phylum: not significantly different …
 all change from value A to B? (n > 2)
Typological Stability
109
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
b. Different number of values / variable
Typological Stability
110
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
b. Different number of values / variable
c. Different distributions values / transitions blocked
Typological Stability
111
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
b. Different number of values / variable
c. Different distributions values / transitions blocked
d. Different group size (1(!) - 90)
Typological Stability
112
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
b. Different number of values / variable
c. Different distributions values / transitions blocked
d. Different group size (1(!) - 90)
e. Different distribution of variables (WALS = empty)
Typological Stability
113
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
b. Different number of values / variable
c. Different distributions values / transitions blocked
d. Different group size (1(!) - 90)
e. Different distribution of variables (WALS = empty)
f. Right statistics/measurements:
- distributions <> normal
- combinatorial explosion groups > 12 lgs
Typological Stability
114
Problems
a. Most frequent = original
b. Different number of values / variable
c. Different distributions values / transitions blocked
d. Different group size (1(!) - 90)
e. Different distribution of variables (WALS = empty)
f. Right statistics/measurements
g. Strategic comparison with diachronic data
when available
Typological Stability
115
Solution
The Real Thing Is The Best
Typological Stability
116
?
Typological Stability
117